“Beyond The Prison Bubble.”

Source:
Petersilia, Joan. “Beyond The Prison Bubble.” National Institute of Justice. NIJ, 03 November 2011.

Web. 17 March 2015.http://www.nij.gov/journals/268/pages/prison-bubble.aspx

Summary:
This source is an article published by the National Institute of Justice. The author examines the effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs using statistics such as rearrest and recidivism rates.

Quality:  
The National Institute of Justice is a reliable source for research and information on rehabilitation and recidivism. The NIJ is the research, development and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice, and they have a large database of information on crime prevention and control. Joan Petersilia, the author of the article, has over 30 years of experience studying the performance of U.S. criminal justice agencies, and she is also the Adelbert H. Sweet Professor of Law at Stanford University and co-director of the Stanford Criminal Justice Center. She was recently awarded the Stockholm Prize for her work on prisoner reentry and supporting ex-offenders after their release from prison ("Joan Petersilia"). The information presented in the article is from a variety of reputable sources such as the Department of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Petersilia also cites studies from reputable criminologists such as Edward J Latessa, who has "directed over 150 funded research projects including studies of day reporting centers, juvenile justice programs, drug courts, prison programs, intensive supervision programs, halfway houses, and drug programs" ("Edward J Latessa"), and Todd Clear, whose "work has been recognized through several awards, including those of the American Society of Criminology, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, The Rockefeller School of Public Policy, the American Probation and Parole Association, the American Correctional Association, and the International Community Corrections Association"("Dr. Todd Clear").

Issues:  
Although this article considers the arguments against rehabilitation programs and gives readers a fair insight into the counterarguments, most of the information provided was in support of rehabilitation programs.

Key Words and Phrases:  
Prison, Incarceration Rate, Mass Incarceration, Repeat Offenders, Probation, Mandatory Minimum Sentences, Truth-in-sentencing, Measures, Prison, Recidivism Rate, Confinement, Criminal Records, Corrections System, Education, Drug Treatment, Rehabilitation Programs, Recidivism, ISP (Intense Supervision Program), RNR (Risk-Need-Responsivity), BRI (Boston Reentry Initiative)  

Quotes:  
“[W]e are beginning to recognize that our overreliance on locking people up has an especially malign effect on poor urban neighborhoods, where up to 20 percent of the adult male population may be behind bars at any given time.”

“It is no longer justifiable to say that nothing works. There is scientific evidence that prison and parole programs can reduce recidivism.”

“Effective rehabilitation and reentry programs that help offenders go home to stay are good for them, and good for the rest of us, too.”

Source Link:

http://www.nij.gov/journals/268/pages/prison-bubble.aspx

Works Cited:                                                                              

"Dr. Todd Clear." Rutgers School of Criminal Justice. Rutgers School of Criminal Justice, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

"Edward J Latessa." University of Cincinnati. University of Cincinnati, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

"Joan Petersilia Adelbert H. Sweet Professor of Law." Stanford Law School. Stanford Univrsity, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Early Statistics of Recidivism and Drug Court Impacts

Source Links:
http://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/Pages/welcome.aspx
http://www.nij.gov/topics/courts/drug-courts/pages/work.aspx


Summary:

"The Bureau of Justice recidivism Statistics tracked 404,638 prisoners within 30 states in order to find recidivism rates," ("Matthew, Cooper, and Snyder") which were ridiculously high. "The National Institute of Justice sponsored the research on the drug courts in Multnomah County, Portland Oregon," ("M.W. Finigan") in order to see if the drug courts made an impact on the public, and it turns out recidivism was cut down in many surrounding counties. These two statistical studies show the public that recidivism is high, and drug courts make a difference by lowering the recidivism rates.  The more inmates participating in treatment the better it is for the community as a whole.  "In 2005 this was good news for the citizens of Oregon because they could save around $6,000 per participant that go through treatment and pass." ("M.W. Finigan") The statistical data are showing proof that our court  systems are making strides to keep the public safe, and allowing those that made mistakes to better themselves once released from prison.


Quality:

The websites are  reliable government sites, and the given information is from The National Institute of Justice and The Bureau of Justice Statistics.  The statistics on recidivism and drug courts are also from The National Institute of Justice and The Bureau of Justice Statistics.


Issues:
The down side is the statistics are ranging from 1991-2005, and things have changed sense then.  The statistics regarding the public saving an average $6,744 per treated participant may have changed due to infaltion throughout the years.  The information given is not as detailed as it could have been.  The websites were mostly brief statistics. The sites say they were modified last year, yet they do not have any new statistics.  These websites could have collaborated into one piece of written information instead of two different sites.


Quotes:

"The Bureau of Justice Statistics tracked 404,638 prisoners in 30 states in the year 2005." ("Matthew, Cooper, and Snyder") "Within 3 years 67.8% of criminals were rearrested." ("Matthew, Cooper, and Snyder") "Within 5 years 76.6% were rearrested." ("Matthew, Cooper, and Snyder") "56.7% were rearrested by the end of the first year." ("Matthew, Cooper, and Snyder") "One nearby county near Portland Oregon recidivism rates went from 40% to 12%." ("M.W. Finigan") "Another nearby county near Portland went from 50% to 35%." ("M.W. Finigan") "Ten year old statistics dating from 1991-2001 from The National Institute of Justice suggest that drug courts lowered recidivism and costs." ("M.W. Finigan") "It turns out the Oregon public could possibly save around $6,744 per participant if they are treated properly." ("M.W. Finigan")  


Key Words and Phrases:

Drug Courts, recidivism, Multnomah County, Portland Oregon, The Bureau of Justice Statistics, The National Institute of Justice


Work Cited:

Durose, Matthew R., Alexia D. Cooper, and Howard N. Snyder, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010 (pdf, 31 pages), Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, April 2014, NCJ 244205.

Office of Justice Programs. NIJ, The National Institute of Justice. Recidivism. Date Modified June 17,2014

See Impact of a Mature Drug Court Over 10 Years of Operation: Recidivism and Costs, by M.W. Finigan et al., July 2007, NCJ 219225. Executive summary (NCJ 219224).

Office of Justice Programs. NIJ, The National Institute of Justice. Do Drug Courts Work? Findings From Drug Court Research.  Impact of Drug Courts on Recidivism and Cost. Date Modified: May 12, 2008

“In-Custody Treatment and Offender Reentry.”

Source:
“In-Custody Treatment and Offender Reentry.” The White House. Office of National Drug Control

Policy. Web. 17 March 2015.https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/in-custody-treatment-and-reentry

Summary:

This source focuses mostly on rehabilitation for offenders incarcerated for drug related offences, and their reentry into society. The statistics, provided by the Bureau of Justice, indicate a need for certain prisoners to receive treatment for successful reentry ("United States"). This source also dispels myths related to the rights and the benefit eligibilities of inmates reentering society with information provided by the Council of State Governments Justice Center ("Reentry Mythbusters").

Quality:

This article seems to be a source of reliable information. It’s published the White House’s official website which increases the credibility of the research and statistics examined, and the information provided comes from dependable sources such as the Department of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The author isn’t listed on the website but it has the White House and the Office of National Drug Control Policy to validate the source’s dependability.

Issues:

The main focus of the information provided pertains to treatment of offenders with a history of substance abuse, and although rehabilitation programs are mentioned in the source, there is never a real explicit explanation of what the programs do to help with reentry.

Key Words and Phrases:

In-Custody Treatment, Offender Reentry, Criminal Justice System, Recidivism, Probation, Parole, Drug Courts, Incarceration , Treatment, Prison, Jail, Drug-Involved Offenders, Crime, Substance Abuse, RSAT (Residential Substance Abuse Treatment), BOP (Federal Bureau of Prisons), BJA (Bureau of Justice Assistance), NIC (National Institute of Corrections)

Quotes:

“[I]t is critical that prisoners being released from prison or jail and reentering society have access to skills and services that will prevent them from re-offending in the future.”

“High rates of recidivism mean more crime, more victims, and more pressure on an already-overburdened criminal justice system.”

Source Link:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/in-custody-treatment-and-reentry

Works cited:
"Reentry MythBusters." The Council of State Governments Justice Center. CSG Justice Center, 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

United States. U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2009. By Lauren E. Glaze, Thomas P. Bonczar, and Fan Zhang. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.

Norway makes breakthroughs in recidivism rates. Is the use of their system feasible for use in the US? Probably not.

Source:

Milanovic, Nikola. "Norway’s New Prisons: Could They WorkHere?" Editorial. Stanford.edu. Stanford, Aug. 2010. Web. Mar.-Apr. 2015.

Summary:

This is a post to a public forum on Stanford University website. In it Nikola outlines a new luxurious prison being built in Norway. She believes that the Norwegian system of social reeducation through time served in lavish conditions with incentives geared toward education will not work in America. She claims that the maternal nature of the Norway makes coddling a better solution for them. The US, on the other hand, is more paternal and uses harsh discipline as incentive for the populous to live up to expectations. This, she believes, is why that particular system will not work for us.

Quality:

I found this post to be extremely informative as to the problems faced when looking at the justice systems in other countries with perspective towards integrating these systems into the United States. She uses many pieces of scientific data including the figures on the effect of affluence on recidivism per country. She effectively represents the power distance index (PDI) and the Gini coefficient to add validity to the points she is making (Hofstede). The strength of this paper should be credited to Nikola’s well rounded and thorough use of scientific method.  

Issues:

The presentation of Nikola’s post is too short to understand fully without further research. While she does present her topic clearly she neglects to encompass the strength of the science used to in her formulation of her conclusion. 

Quotes:

“'Architect Hans Henrik Hoilund claims that the ‘luxurious’ features of the prison are all necessary – geared at ensuring that inmates do not become re-offenders when they reenter society. “The most important thing is that the prison looks as much as the outside world as possible,” he noted, “To avoid an institutional feel, exteriors are not concrete but made of bricks, galvanized steel and larch; the buildings seem to have grown organically from the woodlands. And while there is one obvious symbol of incarceration – a 20-foot concrete security wall along the prison’s perimeter – trees obscure it. And its top has been rounded off, so it isn’t too hostile.'”

Keywords and Phrases:

Hofstede’s Power Distance Index, Gini Coefficient, Halden Prison, recidivism, scientific method. reentry, prison, recidivism rate, justice system,

Source link:

http://www.stanford.edu/group/progressive/cgi-bin/?p=653 

Works Cited:

Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014

Education Reduces Crime: Three-State Recidivism Study

Source:

United States. Correctional Education Association. Office of CorrectionalEducation. Education Reduces Crime: Three-State Recidivism Study. By Stephen J. Steurer and Linda G. Smith. ERIC,Feb. 2003. Web. Mar.-Apr. 2015.

Summary:

This is an executive editorial on a study conducted by Dr. Stephen J. Steurer, Dr. Linda Smith and Dr. Alice Tracy of the Correctional Education Association. This study was presented to the Office of Correctional Education in the United States Department of Education as a collection of data and conclusions pertaining to the effects of education while incarcerated on recidivism. This study is a very thorough collection of data from three American states (Michigan, Ohio and Maryland). These results conclude that education in correctional facilities has a positive effect on lowering recidivism rates.

Quality:

The use of scientific method in this study is a very solid means of proving their hypothesis. Throughout this study the use of compiled data and statistical analysis allows for a very strong presentation of facts. Their conclusion is backed up by many other studies conducted within the same parameters (Smith, Akers). With very little use of opinion these researchers are able to clearly convey their hypothesis that additional education while incarcerated will lower recidivism rates.      

Issues:

I have very few issues with the strength of this study. The researchers use clear data to define topics before elaborating into conclusions. 

Quotes:

“Education provides a real payoff to the public in terms of crime reduction and improved employment of ex-offenders. Investments in correctional education programs have been confirmed as a wise and informed public policy”.

“While it is difficult to ascertain which kinds of education programs are most effective, overall investment in education for the incarcerated seems wise”.

Key Words and Phrases:

Recidivism, Correctional Education, Program Effectiveness, State Surveys, Comparative Analysis, Vocational Rehabilitation, Correctional Rehabilitation, Multivariate Analysis, Multitrait Multimethod Techniques, Matched Groups, Research Reports, Employment Programs

Source link:

http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED498671  (Summary)

http://www.ceanational.org/PDFs/3StateFinal.pdf   (Full study)

Works Cited:

Smith, L. G., and Akers, R. L. "A Comparison of Recidivism of Florida's Community Control and Prison: A Five-Year Survival    Analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30.3 (1993): 267-92. Web.

New Figures Prove Reentry Program Is Working in CT

Source:
"Controversial Early Release Program for Inmates Lowering Recidivism in Connecticut" by Ray Hardman

Summary:
This publication delivers a message of measurable success in lowering recidivism due to a state facilitated program in CT. This program known as RREC, or Risk Reduction Earned Credit, reduces a prisoner's sentencing upon the completion of offered programs and other requirements. The Office of Policy and Management's Statistical Analysis Center completed a study which measured the rate of recidivism for "3,279 prisoners who were discharged with at least some RREC credit." The OPMSAC's findings indicate a 11% decrease in recidivism over a period of three years(2011-2014). The results were presented to the public and published on March 25, 2015 by The Research Unit at
OPM/CJPPD(Office of Policy an Managment Criminal Justice Policy and Planning Division). 

Quality: 
This article came from WNPR of Connecticut and contains data collected by The Office of Policy and Management's Statistical Analysis Center regarding the declination of recidivism rates after 2011 by the result of the RREC (Risk Reduction Earned Credit) program. The author of this article has also acquired degrees in journalism and broadcasting and has committed more than 20 years to presenting and delivering the news. A portion of a phone interview with Mike Lawlor, OPM's Under Secretary for Criminal Justice Policy and Planning, is included, showing his stance on the success of the RREC program and supporting the author's work.

Issues: 
The article shows evidence that indicates the RREC program has been successful in lowering recidivism, but fails to identify what percentage of the CT prison population the 3,279 participants studied represent. More information could have also been offered on the amount of time credited for participation in the program and good behavior, which ultimately resulted in prison sentence reductions. Due to the adolescence of the new program with only one round of participants having matured to the three year mark, weaknesses in the evidence may transpire due to the RREC program's lack of longstanding, potentially discrediting this article in the future. 

Key Words and Phrases:
Risk Reduction Earned Credit, recidivism, reducing recidivism rates, prisoners, discharge, community supervision, parole, probation, reentry, Connecticut, correctional staff, legislature, 

Quotes:
"The goal was: if you do this, you will see crime go down. You will see recidivism go down. Since we've implemented it, recidivism has gone down by eleven percent..." Mike Lawlor 

"Lawlor said that since RREC was adopted in 2011, assaults on staff and inmates in Connecticut prisons 'has gone way down.'" Ray Hardman

Source Link:
http://wnpr.org/post/controversial-early-release-program-inmates-lowering-recidivism-connecticut

Works Cited:

Hardman, Ray. "Controversial Early Release Program for Inmates Lowering Recidivism in Connecticut." Controversial Early Release Program for Inmates Lowering Recidivism in Connecticut. WNPR, 27 Mar. 2015. Web. 27 Mar. 2015.

"Drug Court Offers Offenders Rehabilitation Instead of Jail Time"

Source Link:
http://wrvo.org/post/drug-court-offers-offenders-rehabilitation-instead-jail-time

Summary:

In the article Chanatry tells us about the fairly new Drug Court in Oneida county New York.  He states that "Drug courts are in every county of the state of New York now due to their success."  Chanatry also interviews Judge John Balzano. The process Judge Balzano uses is a set of guidelines and rules offenders must follow, or they get jail time.  "The guidelines are there will be random drug screenings, offenders must be clean for a year, must attend every court date, must live in a safe structured enviroment, must be active in a job or schooling, must be off any kinds of welfare, must do 60 hours of community service, and avoid certain people." ("John Balzano") It is a very tedious demanding process, but in my opinion it is more then a fair trade off for breaking the law.  "Some participants choose to do this process instead of jail time." Scott McNamara says, "The rehab programs save money because a lot of these people get 10 to 20 convictions if they are not treated properly." This is good news for tax payers because the public is paying for the same inmate over and over again.  If a prisoner stays out of jail they can also pay taxes, and no one will have to pay for his or her livelihood in jail every time they go back.  Chanatry even interviews a prisoner.  "This woman was locked up for continuing to satisfy her heroin  addiction, but now she is drug free about to finish the rehab program." ("Dave Chanatry")  At first she did not want the treatment, because she felt nothing was wrong with her.  Now she is grateful for the opportunity to get cleaned.  "Numerous studies indicate the courts significantly reduce crime and drug use, and half the adults in adult drug courts finish the program." ("Dave Chanatry") The results are different in some other rehabilitation programs though.  If more states and counties take strides for rehabilitation like New York has. Maybe crime rates will start falling, and second time offender rates will fall as well.

Quality:
The good thing about the article is that it is only a year old. Chanatry  gives a very detailed interview on the way Oneida County New York rehabilitates drug offenders instead of incarcerating them. He uses great people to interview like District Attorney Scott McNamara, William Virkler, Judge John Balzano, and a female prison inmate.  You can also listen or read the interview, which can be convenient.

Issues:

 The bad thing is there isn't any sources to back up the people he interviewed, although  some of the people he interviewed are considered credible resources.

Key Words and Phrases:
Oneida County New York, drug offenders, rehab, Drug Court, community service, public assistance, addiction, treatment, recidivism

Quotes:
"I think the measure of a good justice is to take a fact pattern and be harsh when it's time to be harsh, and be lenient when it's time to be lenient," William Virkler

Works Cited:
Dave Chanatry “Drug Court Offers Offenders Rehabilitation Instead of Jail Time” Interviews With, District Attorney Scott McNamara,William Virkler Sitting Town Justice and Professor of Criminal Justice at Utica College,Unknown Female Inmate, and Judge John Balzano: May 30, 2014.

A Correlation Between Prison Funding and Public Safety

Source: 
Budget Cuts Must Lead to Innovation in Corrections

Summary: 
The article gives information on the cost of imprisonment, and on budget cuts that have been made in the corrections industry. The information presented reveals that cutting correctional staff positions and inmate food supplies during budget cuts, can result in prison staff to work in more dangerous conditions. The author suggests that driving focus towards funding reentry programs is necessary when trying to lower recidivism. This would also trigger a drop in prison costs and overcrowding with time, subsequently increasing public safety.

Quality:
The author, Diane B. Williams, has an impressive amount of authority to support the claims made in this article. According to the whitehouse.gov website's information, the author has received national recognition as a "Champion of Change," for her 20 years of "experience working with the criminal justice population." She has also been elected "Chairman of the National Institute of Corrections Advisory Board" and was named "President and Chief Executive Officer of The Safer Foundation."
The Safer Foundation is an organization that provides services to people who have been and who are currently incarcerated. These services aid in lowering recidivism rates and restoring livelihoods upon reentry.

Issues: 
The article states that some reentry programs that contribute to lowered recidivism rates have been terminated because of prison funding budget cuts. The article does not state if other interests are being funded instead of prisons. The author does present facts to support claims made in the article, but the figures are from various locations, in multiple states across the United States. If the data presented were to include national figures, her argument would have been more convincing in showing that a degree of change could be achieved on a larger scale.

Quotes:
"According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, of the 2.3 million incarcerated, approximately 51.8 percent (1,191,400) of those are people who have recidivated."

"The Urban Institute also reported that beyond offsetting costs, a non-contracted reentry program with even a moderate level of success could be expected to return anywhere from $4.40 to $9 in social benefits for every $1 that is invested."

"Ninety-seven percent of the people that come under correctional supervision will eventually be released. Whatever happens behind those walls -- good and bad -- has an indelible impact not just on the individual but also on our society and our economy."

Key Words and Phrases: 
correctional institutions, prisons, finance, budget deficits, cost effectiveness, taxpayer money, rehabilitation, reentry programs, economic aspects, social benefits, recidivism,

Source Link:
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=2c1dacda-0de0-4996-a66a-290f1085a787%40sessionmgr4001&vid=3&hid=4201&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=48500559

https://www.whitehouse.gov/champions/drug-control/diane-williams

Works Cited:
Williams, B. Diane. "Budget Cuts Must Lead to Innovation in Corrections." Corrections Today Dec. 2009: 6+. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.

"Diane Williams." The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.

Prison Firm CCA Seeks to Reduce Number of Repeat Offenders

Nation's largest private prison company is shifting its focus toward helping release more inmates and keep them out, in an effort to reduce costs associated with recidivism.

http://www.wsj.com/articles/prison-firm-cca-seeks-to-reduce-number-of-repeat-offenders-1410561176

Difficulties Prisoners Face in Reentering Society

Source:

"The Prison Problem." Harvard Magazine. Elizabeth Gudrais.  Apr. 2013. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.

Summary:

Elizabeth Gudrais discusses the difficulties that prisoners find when reentering society after having been in prison.  She also talks about using education to prevent crimes, a movement towards reforming prisons, and “breaking the cycle” of prisoners who are released being recommitted, by making them more prepared for the outside world and helping them to find employment.   It also shows the story of a prisoner who seems to have “broken the cycle” for himself.

Quality:

This is a rather high quality source.  It comes from Harvard magazine, which gets its information from Harvard University ("Harvard Magazine").  Elizabeth Gudrais graduated from Harvard she wrote for the Providence Journal, Harvard Magazine, and has written many more articles as a freelance writer ("Elizabeth Gudrais").

Issues:

She provides information about what she believes the problem is, but never proposes ideas for the solution.

Key Words and Phrases:

Recidivism, Reentering society, Prison, reentry, rehabilitation, rearrested

Quotes:

“Western has come to believe that just as offenders’ crimes carry a cost to society, so too does the shortage of social supports and rehabilitative services for offenders." -Elizabeth Gudrais

“hundreds of thousands of people (mostly men) are released from U.S. prisons each year to try to make a go of it in a world where they have failed before—with the added disadvantage of a prison record. More than two-thirds will be rearrested within three years; half will go back in prison.”
-Elizabeth Gudrais

Works Cited:

"Harvard Magazine." Harvard Magazine. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.

"Elizabeth Gudrais." About Elizabeth Gudrais. Web. 17 Mar. 2015.

Evidence of Methods that have Worked

Source:

“Poverty & Prejudice: Breaking the Chains of Inner CityPoverty.” The California Prison and Rehabilitation System. Jon Aborn. Annie van den Toorn. John Hockin. ScottJordon. Man Nayvelt. Michael Finkelstein. Ethics of Development in a GlobalEnvironment. 26 July 1999. Web. 10 Mar 2015.

Summary:

This source describes how the prison systems were at the time, and talks about better uses for the money and time spent on prisons.  They think the money should be spent on education to prevent people from going to jail, and to stop prisoners from going back to jail through rehabilitation in prisons. 

Quality:

This source seems like it has good quality since it comes from Stanford University, which would be a credible source ("Poverty & Prejudice").  The sources that they used appear to be credible as well. Some of the information came from the LA times (Colvin, Richard L)(Morian, Dan).  Some of the information came from Daniel Karpowitz and Max Kenner (Karpowitz, Daniel. Kenner, Max).  Daniel Karpowitz and Max Kenner work to provide education to prisoners ("Who We Are.").  The information would still be relevant, even though it isn't recent, because instead of proposing ideas for the future they compared the present to the past and saw the relationships that already existed.

Issues:

There was little information about any of the authors available.

Key Words and Phrases:
Education as prevention, Rehabilitation, Recidivism, Prison

Quotes:

“We strongly believe that education and rehabilitation are critical to ensuring that these young criminals are given skills and confidence to succeed in society.”

“In New York, it costs $25,000 to incarcerate a prisoner for one year; educating a prisoner for one year costs only $2,500. Educating inmates adds only 10% to the costs and could potentially save the state millions of dollars in the future by preventing recidivism.”

Works Cited:

Colvin, Richard L. "Young Offenders Learn ABCs the Hard Way: Caged." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 08 Nov. 1998. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.

Karpowitz, Daniel. Kenner, Max. "Education as Crime Prevention: The Case for Reinstating Pell Grant Eligibility for the Incarcerated." 1 Jan. 1998. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.

Morian, Dan. "Davis Offers Plan for $1 Billion of Surplus." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1999. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.

"Who We Are." Bard Prison Initiative. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.